Formulas Reference

GeoSheet includes 140+ formula functions. Type = in any cell to start a formula. The formula bar shows autocomplete suggestions as you type.

How Formulas Work

Formulas start with = (e.g., =SUM(A1:A10))
Cell references: A1 (relative), $A$1 (absolute), A1:B10 (range)
Cross-sheet references: Sheet2!A1
Named ranges: define in the Name Box, use by name in formulas (e.g., =SUM(revenue))
Array formulas return multiple values — shown with a pill indicator

Special Forms

These are not regular functions — they bind names or accept functions as arguments:

LET(name, value, ..., expression) — define local variables
LAMBDA(params..., body) — create reusable functions
MAP(array, lambda) — apply a function to each element
FILTER(array, condition) — filter rows by condition
REDUCE(initial, array, lambda) — accumulate values

Temporal Operator (Time Warp)

Use @ to look up historical cell values. Requires Time Warp to be enabled for the workbook.

=A1@"2026-01-01"           # Value of A1 on Jan 1, 2026
=SUM(A1:A10@"2026-06-15")  # Historical sum
=A1 - A1@"2026-01-01"      # Change since start of year

Temporal references work with any formula — combine them with lookups, conditionals, and aggregations to compare current data against historical baselines. See the Time Warp guide for more examples.

Function Reference

Math

Function	Description	Example
`SUM(range)`	Sum of values	`=SUM(A1:A10)`
`AVERAGE(range)`	Arithmetic mean	`=AVERAGE(B1:B100)`
`MIN(range)`	Minimum value	`=MIN(A1:A10)`
`MAX(range)`	Maximum value	`=MAX(A1:A10)`
`COUNT(range)`	Count of numbers	`=COUNT(A1:A10)`
`COUNTA(range)`	Count of non-empty cells	`=COUNTA(A1:A10)`
`ROUND(number, digits)`	Round to N decimals	`=ROUND(3.14159, 2)`
`ROUNDUP(number, digits)`	Round up	`=ROUNDUP(3.1, 0)`
`ROUNDDOWN(number, digits)`	Round down	`=ROUNDDOWN(3.9, 0)`
`ABS(number)`	Absolute value	`=ABS(-5)`
`SQRT(number)`	Square root	`=SQRT(16)`
`POWER(base, exp)`	Exponentiation	`=POWER(2, 10)`
`MOD(number, divisor)`	Remainder	`=MOD(10, 3)`
`FLOOR(number, sig)`	Round down to multiple	`=FLOOR(7.8, 1)`
`CEILING(number, sig)`	Round up to multiple	`=CEILING(7.2, 1)`
`LOG(number, [base])`	Logarithm	`=LOG(100, 10)`
`EXP(number)`	e raised to power	`=EXP(1)`
`RAND()`	Random 0–1	`=RAND()`
`RANDBETWEEN(low, high)`	Random integer	`=RANDBETWEEN(1, 100)`
`PI()`	Pi constant	`=PI()`
`PRODUCT(range)`	Product of values	`=PRODUCT(A1:A5)`
`SUMSQ(range)`	Sum of squares	`=SUMSQ(A1:A5)`

Text

Function	Description	Example
`CONCAT(text, ...)`	Join text	`=CONCAT(A1, " ", B1)`
`CONCATENATE(text, ...)`	Join text (alias)	`=CONCATENATE(A1, B1)`
`TEXTJOIN(delim, ignore_empty, range)`	Join with delimiter	`=TEXTJOIN(", ", TRUE, A1:A5)`
`LEN(text)`	Character count	`=LEN("hello")`
`LEFT(text, n)`	First N chars	`=LEFT("hello", 3)`
`RIGHT(text, n)`	Last N chars	`=RIGHT("hello", 3)`
`MID(text, start, n)`	Substring	`=MID("hello", 2, 3)`
`UPPER(text)`	Uppercase	`=UPPER("hello")`
`LOWER(text)`	Lowercase	`=LOWER("HELLO")`
`PROPER(text)`	Title case	`=PROPER("hello world")`
`TRIM(text)`	Remove extra spaces	`=TRIM(" hello ")`
`CLEAN(text)`	Remove non-printable chars	`=CLEAN(A1)`
`FIND(find, text, [start])`	Find position (case-sensitive)	`=FIND("l", "hello")`
`SEARCH(find, text, [start])`	Find position (case-insensitive)	`=SEARCH("L", "hello")`
`REPLACE(text, start, n, new)`	Replace by position	`=REPLACE("hello", 1, 1, "H")`
`SUBSTITUTE(text, old, new)`	Replace by text	`=SUBSTITUTE("hello", "l", "r")`
`EXACT(text1, text2)`	Case-sensitive comparison	`=EXACT("Hello", "hello")`
`REPT(text, n)`	Repeat text	`=REPT("*", 5)`
`VALUE(text)`	Convert text to number	`=VALUE("42")`

Logical

Function	Description	Example
`IF(condition, then, else)`	Conditional	`=IF(A1>10, "High", "Low")`
`IFS(cond1, val1, ...)`	Multiple conditions	`=IFS(A1>90,"A", A1>80,"B")`
`AND(cond, ...)`	All true	`=AND(A1>0, B1>0)`
`OR(cond, ...)`	Any true	`=OR(A1>0, B1>0)`
`NOT(condition)`	Negate	`=NOT(A1>10)`
`IFERROR(value, fallback)`	Catch errors	`=IFERROR(A1/B1, 0)`
`IFNA(value, fallback)`	Catch #N/A	`=IFNA(VLOOKUP(...), "")`
`SWITCH(expr, case1, val1, ...)`	Switch/case	`=SWITCH(A1, 1,"One", 2,"Two")`

Lookup

Function	Description	Example
`VLOOKUP(key, range, col, [approx])`	Vertical lookup	`=VLOOKUP("Alice", A:C, 3, FALSE)`
`HLOOKUP(key, range, row, [approx])`	Horizontal lookup	`=HLOOKUP("Q1", A1:D2, 2)`
`INDEX(range, row, [col])`	Value at position	`=INDEX(A1:C10, 3, 2)`
`MATCH(key, range, [type])`	Find position	`=MATCH("Alice", A:A, 0)`
`OFFSET(ref, rows, cols, [h], [w])`	Offset reference	`=OFFSET(A1, 2, 1)`
`CHOOSE(index, val1, val2, ...)`	Choose by index	`=CHOOSE(2, "a", "b", "c")`
`INDIRECT(ref_text)`	Reference from string	`=INDIRECT("A" & B1)`

Statistical

Function	Description	Example
`STDEV(range)`	Standard deviation (sample)	`=STDEV(A1:A100)`
`STDEVP(range)`	Standard deviation (population)	`=STDEVP(A1:A100)`
`VAR(range)`	Variance (sample)	`=VAR(A1:A100)`
`VARP(range)`	Variance (population)	`=VARP(A1:A100)`
`MEDIAN(range)`	Median value	`=MEDIAN(A1:A100)`
`PERCENTILE(range, k)`	Kth percentile	`=PERCENTILE(A1:A100, 0.9)`
`CORREL(range1, range2)`	Correlation	`=CORREL(A1:A100, B1:B100)`
`LARGE(range, k)`	Kth largest	`=LARGE(A1:A100, 3)`
`SMALL(range, k)`	Kth smallest	`=SMALL(A1:A100, 3)`
`RANK(value, range)`	Rank in range	`=RANK(A1, A:A)`

Conditional

Function	Description	Example
`SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])`	Conditional sum	`=SUMIF(A:A, ">10", B:B)`
`COUNTIF(range, criteria)`	Conditional count	`=COUNTIF(A:A, "Yes")`
`AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, [avg_range])`	Conditional average	`=AVERAGEIF(A:A, ">0", B:B)`
`SUMIFS(sum_range, range1, crit1, ...)`	Multi-criteria sum	`=SUMIFS(C:C, A:A, "NY", B:B, ">10")`
`COUNTIFS(range1, crit1, ...)`	Multi-criteria count	`=COUNTIFS(A:A, "NY", B:B, ">10")`
`AVERAGEIFS(avg_range, range1, crit1, ...)`	Multi-criteria average	`=AVERAGEIFS(C:C, A:A, "NY")`
`MINIFS(min_range, range1, crit1, ...)`	Multi-criteria min	`=MINIFS(C:C, A:A, "NY")`
`MAXIFS(max_range, range1, crit1, ...)`	Multi-criteria max	`=MAXIFS(C:C, A:A, "NY")`

Criteria support: exact match ("NY"), operators (">10", "<=5", "<>abc"), wildcards ("app*", "?at").

Date & Time

Function	Description	Example
`TODAY()`	Current date	`=TODAY()`
`NOW()`	Current date + time	`=NOW()`
`DATE(year, month, day)`	Create date	`=DATE(2025, 6, 15)`
`YEAR(date)`	Extract year	`=YEAR(A1)`
`MONTH(date)`	Extract month	`=MONTH(A1)`
`DAY(date)`	Extract day	`=DAY(A1)`
`HOUR(datetime)`	Extract hour	`=HOUR(A1)`
`MINUTE(datetime)`	Extract minute	`=MINUTE(A1)`
`DATEDIF(start, end, unit)`	Date difference	`=DATEDIF(A1, B1, "D")`
`DAYS(end, start)`	Days between dates	`=DAYS(B1, A1)`
`WEEKDAY(date)`	Day of week (1-7)	`=WEEKDAY(A1)`
`EOMONTH(date, months)`	End of month	`=EOMONTH(A1, 1)`
`EDATE(date, months)`	Add months	`=EDATE(A1, 3)`

Duration

Function	Description	Example
`DURATION(h, m, s)`	Create duration	`=DURATION(2, 30, 0)`
`HOURS(duration)`	Hour component	`=HOURS(A1)`
`MINUTES(duration)`	Minute component	`=MINUTES(A1)`
`SECONDS(duration)`	Second component	`=SECONDS(A1)`
`DURATIONSECS(duration)`	Total seconds	`=DURATIONSECS(A1)`
`DURATIONMINS(duration)`	Total minutes	`=DURATIONMINS(A1)`
`DURATIONHOURS(duration)`	Total hours	`=DURATIONHOURS(A1)`

Financial

Function	Description	Example
`PMT(rate, nper, pv)`	Payment amount	`=PMT(0.05/12, 360, 300000)`
`FV(rate, nper, pmt, [pv])`	Future value	`=FV(0.07/12, 120, -500)`
`PV(rate, nper, pmt)`	Present value	`=PV(0.05/12, 360, -1500)`
`NPV(rate, values...)`	Net present value	`=NPV(0.1, A1:A10)`
`RATE(nper, pmt, pv)`	Interest rate	`=RATE(360, -1500, 300000)`
`IRR(values)`	Internal return rate	`=IRR(A1:A10)`
`NPER(rate, pmt, pv)`	Number of periods	`=NPER(0.05/12, -1500, 300000)`
`XNPV(rate, values, dates)`	NPV with dates	`=XNPV(0.1, A1:A5, B1:B5)`

Array

Array formulas return multiple values that spill into adjacent cells. They are shown with a pill indicator on the source cell.

Function	Description	Example
`SEQUENCE(rows, [cols], [start], [step])`	Generate number sequence	`=SEQUENCE(5, 1, 1, 2)`
`UNIQUE(range)`	Remove duplicates	`=UNIQUE(A1:A10)`
`SORT(range, [col], [order])`	Sort values (1=asc, -1=desc)	`=SORT(A1:B10, 2, -1)`
`TRANSPOSE(range)`	Flip rows and columns	`=TRANSPOSE(A1:D1)`

These work with the special forms (MAP, FILTER, REDUCE) for powerful data transformations:

=SORT(UNIQUE(A1:A100))                    # Sorted unique values
=FILTER(A1:C100, B1:B100 > 1000)          # Filter rows where B > 1000
=MAP(SEQUENCE(10), LAMBDA(n, n * n))      # First 10 squares

Spatial

See Spatial Features for detailed spatial formula documentation.

Function	Description	Example
`POINT(lat, lon)`	Create point	`=POINT(40.71, -74.00)`
`GEOCODE(address)`	Address to point	`=GEOCODE("New York")`
`REVERSE_GEOCODE(point)`	Point to address	`=REVERSE_GEOCODE(A1)`
`DISTANCE(p1, p2, [unit])`	Distance between points	`=DISTANCE(A1, B1, "km")`
`LAT(point)` / `LON(point)`	Extract coordinates	`=LAT(A1)`
`LINE(points...)`	Create line	`=LINE(A1:A5)`
`POLYGON(points...)`	Create polygon	`=POLYGON(A1:A10)`
`MULTIPOINT(points...)`	Create multipoint	`=MULTIPOINT(A1:A5)`
`COLLECTION(geoms...)`	Create collection	`=COLLECTION(A1, B1)`
`CONTAINS(geom, point)`	Point-in-polygon test	`=CONTAINS(A1, B1)`
`CENTROID(geometry)`	Center point	`=CENTROID(A1)`
`BBOX(geometry)`	Bounding box	`=BBOX(A1)`
`BUFFER(geom, radius, unit)`	Buffer zone	`=BUFFER(A1, 5, "km")`
`NEAREST(target, range, [n])`	Find nearest	`=NEAREST(A1, B:B, 3)`
`INTERSECTS(g1, g2)`	Intersection test	`=INTERSECTS(A1, B1)`
`INTERSECTION(g1, g2)`	Compute intersection	`=INTERSECTION(A1, B1)`
`POLYGON_AREA(poly)`	Area calculation	`=POLYGON_AREA(A1)`
`POLYGON_PERIMETER(poly)`	Perimeter	`=POLYGON_PERIMETER(A1)`

Routing (async, powered by Mapbox)

Function	Description	Example
`DRIVE_TIME(origin, dest)`	Driving duration	`=DRIVE_TIME(A1, B1)`
`DRIVE_DISTANCE(origin, dest)`	Driving distance (km)	`=DRIVE_DISTANCE(A1, B1)`
`ROUTE(origin, dest)`	Road path (LINE)	`=ROUTE(A1, B1)`
`ISOCHRONE(center, minutes)`	Drivable area (POLYGON)	`=ISOCHRONE(A1, 15)`

Other

Function	Description
`LOCATION(user, [device], [interval])`	Live GPS position via system sheet
`SPARKLINE(range, [kind], [color])`	Inline chart (line/bar/winloss)

Cross-GeoSheet References

Function	Description	Example
`IMPORTRANGE(source, range)`	Pull a live range from another GeoSheet	`=IMPORTRANGE("Customers", "A1:E200")`

source accepts a GeoSheet name ("Customers") or URL ("https://geosheet.app/s/abc123"). range is a single cell, a rectangle, or a tab-qualified range ("Summary!B2:D50"). Imported values keep their type — including spatial types — and refresh in the background while the consumer sheet is open. See the Cross-GeoSheet References guide for source-side governance, common patterns, and limitations.

Error Codes

Error	Meaning
`#DIV/0!`	Division by zero
`#VALUE!`	Wrong argument type
`#REF!`	Invalid cell reference
`#NAME?`	Unrecognized function or name
`#N/A`	Value not found (VLOOKUP, MATCH)
`#NULL!`	Invalid range intersection
`#PENDING`	Async formula in progress (geocoding, routing)